International Financial Risk and Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Financial Risk and Control - Essay Example It is imperative for transnational business organizations to recognize the determinants of exchange rates and whether the exchange rate variations can be forecasted. International parity conditions refer to the economic theories that connect exchange rates, level of prices as well as the interest rates. In this study, we would attempt to see whether the international parity conditions are effective in forecasting the variations in the exchange rates in the real world. In doing so, we would consider the bilateral exchange rate movements of Euro/Dollar over the past twelve months and observe whether the variations were consistent with one or more of the International Parity Conditions. Subsequently, we would conclude the study by discussing the extent of effectiveness of the International Parity Conditions as a forecasting tool (Eiteman et al., 2007, p.170). In this section of the study, we would assess the relative exchange rate movement of Euro expressed in terms of United States Dol lar. For the convenience of the study, the Euro versus Dollar exchange rate fluctuations for the period of last twelve months were considered. However, to analyze the latest trend of the Euro/USD exchange rate, we would initially focus on the last 120 days movement of the currency. During this period, the highest value for Euro was 1.3788 USD (as recorded on November 8, 2011) while the lowest value of Euro during the same period was 1.2669 (as recorded on January 16, 2012). The latest value of 1 Euro (as on April 20, 2012) was observed to be 1.3192 USD (Source: X-Rates, 2012). The graph above represents the exchange rate movements EUR/USD for the period starting from May 2011 and ending at April 2012. A closer look at the exchange rate chart reveals that the value of Euro in terms of USD during the specified time frame had fluctuated from 1.45 to around 1.3 USD approximately.  

The image of Martin Luther King giving speech I Have a Dream in 1963 Annotated Bibliography

The image of Martin Luther King giving speech I Have a Dream in 1963 - Annotated Bibliography Example Moreover, the source offers information some of his civil right movements which is critical in answering the question on the ways in which he fought for the freedom of African Americans. Andrew Young the author of this book offers a chronological record of some of the experiences that Martin Luther went through during his struggle to campaign for the freedom of African Americans. The author was one of the leading members of the civil rights movement during that time and hence offers a detailed account of the mistreatment, police harassments and other challenges that Marti Luther remained resilient to because of his determination to see the African Americans treated as equal American citizens. This book is a powerful source in the discussion about Martin Luther’s experience and contributions in the civil rights movements. The author’s close association with Martin Luther as members of the civil rights movement serves to augment the reliability of the source. Daisy Bates the author of this book presents an extensive and intensive description of the efforts of African Americans to fight for equality. She describes the severity of the segregation that existed between the black and whites and then illustrates how some of the leaders of African American collaborated with the same mission of demanding for equality. From the details she provide, it becomes evident that martin Luther king was influential in this course. This book is a reliable source when describing the mission that Martin Luther was working to achieve. Since the book offers an in depth description, it becomes evident that it can be used to develop a clear understanding of how Martin Luther and his contemporaries who participated in the civil right movement strategized as they fought for the freedom of the African Americans. This book offers an extensive description of the belief and certain personality traits that helped shape the leadership of Martin Luther. The author of the book sought

Case Study on Strategic Management of Global Companies

Case Study on Strategic Management of Global Companies 1.1 What are the key differences between the two accounts of Hondas entry into the US market? 2The first case is narrated by The Harvard Business School based on the Boston consulting (BCG) Report whereas the second case, An Insiders Account of Hondas Entry into the US Market is a direct narration recorded by Richard Pascale. The BCG report explains on the Honda Company as a matured business and a mix of its competitors in the US. As affirmed in the case; Hondas competitors were Harley-Davidson, BSA, Triumph, Norton, and Moto-Guzzi. Whereas, the second case enlightens how the company initiated from scratch and its journey through the difficult times. Richard Pascales article explains the challenges that the company went through during its commencement, such as difficulty in getting funds; treatment of the motorcycle dealers was discourteous, while in the BCG article no challenges were mentioned. The BCG report emphasizes more on the Hondas in-depth research and development department for instance having more staff; as said in the article, the RD was staffed with 700 designers/engineers, increase in the production level as a result more investment in the RD department. While the second case doesnt explain anything with regard to the research and development since it is taking the business at an initiative level. The BCG report highlights target market in general whereas the second article explains target market in details as said in the case, the company chose Los Angeles as the location whereby their target market consisted of second and third generation of Japanese community. Richard Pascales article clearly identified the companys products offered to the market as stated in the article; the products were 50cc, 125cc, 250cc and 350cc machines while in the first essay explains the general overview of the companys products. 1.2 REFERENCE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY: Herbert Rotters former Goldwing page former Yamaha Virago 1100 page, Personal Homepage, Honda Motorcycle 350 CB [Image] http://www.porzellanpuppen.at/hpbikes/bikeenglish.htm Electronic Source Cover Page Image Greenwich University; Course Work: The Honda Effect, Case Study Scenario. CASE STUDY 2- LAURA ASHLEY 2.1 Map Laura Ashleys stakeholders using a power/interest matrix. 4Stakeholders are individuals, groups or organizations who are affected directly or indirectly by organizations goals, objectives, actions and policies. 5Stakeholder Analysis is a tool used to recognize the stakeholders and investigate their needs as they are the ones who are concerned with the actions taking place within the organization. The aim of this analysis is to identify the stakeholders interests, concerns and manage relationships with them. The method used to access stakeholders is Mendelows Stakeholder Matrix which has two dimensions; Power and Interest with four quadrants.  [6]  Interest talks about the stakeholders concern towards a project whereas power talks about the control over the project. Interest Minimal Effort people who need to be observed without boring them with unnecessary communication. Keep Informed people who need to be informed sufficiently, talked and make sure that no major issues take place. They can help with the developing the project details. Keep Satisfied people who need to be well satisfied with nothing much that would bore them whilst comprehending of the assignment. Key Player- people who must be associated and satisfied with the efforts made. 7Laura Ashleys stakeholders are Analysts, London Stock Exchange Market, Malayan United Industries (MUI) shareholder Dr. Khoo, Customers, Government and Suppliers. It is essential that the stakeholder management should be conducted so as to know each stakeholders level of power and interest along with their impact on the company. However it is sometimes difficult to locate all companys stakeholders in one frame as in the case of Laura Ashley. Beneath is the table, of the Stakeholder Map showing the strategies that are applied for Laura Ashley. Interest 2.2 REFERENCE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY: Vintage Verity Adoring all things vintage, retro and downright quirky Laura Ashley logo [Image] http://vintageverity.wordpress.com/2008/02/27/cath-kidson-v-laura-ashley/ Electronic Source Cover Page Image Business Dictionary, An Ask.com Service, Definition of Stakeholder http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/stakeholder.html Johnson et al, 2009, Fundamentals of Strategy: Definition of Stakeholder, 1st edn, page 90. Wikipedia, October 16, 2008, Stakeholder Analysis, Wikipedia Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_analysis BaBou, March 9th, 2008, Leadership Champions, What is Stakeholder Analysis? Part 1: Definition and aim of Stakeholder Analysis, http://leadershipchamps.wordpress.com/2008/03/09/what-is-stakeholder-analysis Mind Tools Essential Skills for an excellent career, Winning Support for your Projects, Stakeholder Analysis: Mendelows Stakeholder Matrix, http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newPPM_07.htm BaBou, March 10th, 2008, Leadership Champions, What is Stakeholder Analysis? Part 2: Mendelows Stakeholder Matrix, http://leadershipchamps.wordpress.com/2008/03/09/what-is-stakeholder-analysis/ Greenwich University; Course Work: Laura Ashley, Case Study Scenario CASE STUDY 3- APPLYING A BALANCED SCORECARD 3.1 What arguments would you use to persuade an organization to adopt the Balanced Scorecard approach? 9A Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is a tool that is used to measure a companys business activities in relation to its vision along with its strategies. It provides managers a complete knowledge of the business performance. 10Figure 1 Usually when organizations measure performance, it is the financial area that is given more attention while the rest of the aspects are not taken much into consideration. It is therefore important that organizations should pursue in using the balanced scorecard.  [11]  Below are some of the benefits which the organizations will gain. One of them being a source of direction since it guides the management as well as helps identify what needs to be measured in order to accomplish organizational goals which will in return act as a competitive advantage for the firm. With Balanced Scorecard, firms are able to determine both financial as well as non-financial measures. As said in the case study, the balance scorecard was to combine three new sets of measures with the customary financial ones, embracing the customer, learning and growth, and internal issues such as quality improvement and cost control. Balanced scorecard allows firms to develop as well as expand so as to align new organizational strategies, as said by Mr. Hofmeister in the case study, it gives us better and better alignment (between all operating units) and focuses attention on whats important and on results. Through the balanced scorecard, organizations are able to the compare past experience in order to improve its performance which will help predict what will happen in the future. Although the growth of practicing balanced scorecard is slow, however many organizations have already accepted and are applying it. 3.2 REFERENCE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY: Businessballs.com, Balanced Scorecard; Kaplan and Nortons organizational performance management tool Balance Scorecard [Image] http://www.businessballs.com/balanced_scorecard.htm Papaers4You, Guide on How to write University Essays, Coursework, Assignments and Dissertations: Definition of Balanced Scorecard, 2002-2007, http://university-essays.tripod.com/balanced_scorecard.html Business Knowledge Source, What is a Balanced Scorecard, and what does it have to do with manufacturing? Definition of Balanced Scorecard, http://www.businessknowledgesource.com/manufacturing/what_is_a_balanced_scorecard_and_what_does_it_have_to_do_with_manufacturing_023647.html Ali, Md. Mohobbot, The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) A Critical Analysis, http://eprints.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/1391/1/18_0219_0232.pdf Queensland Government, Southbank Institute of Technology, Strategic goals: Balanced Scorecard Framework [Image] http://www.southbank.edu.au/site/about/corporate/mission.asp Balboa, Jun 26, 2005. ECheat; Porters Five Forces, Value chain, Balanced: Critically evaluation of Porters five forces, Value Chain Analysis, Balanced Scorecard Benefits of Balanced Scorecard. http://www.echeat.com/essay.php?t=27147 Business Knowledge Source, What is a Balanced Scorecard, and what does it have to do with manufacturing? Benefits of Balanced Scorecard, http://www.businessknowledgesource.com/manufacturing/what_is_a_balanced_scorecard_and_what_does_it_have_to_do_with_manufacturing_023647.html Partnering to Success, The Balanced Scorecard: Benefits from using the Balanced Scorecard, http://www.thebalancedscorecard.com/benefits_bsc.htm Ali, Md. Mohobbot, The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) A Critical Analysis: Benefits of Balanced Scorecard http://eprints.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/1391/1/18_0219_0232.pdf Beverly Dianne Calhoun, Oct 19, 2004, Using the Balanced Scorecard to Determine Corporate Information Needs: Benefits of Balanced Scorecard http://www.designbydi.com/documents/BalScrCrd.pdf Greenwich University; Course Work: Appling a Balanced Scorecard, Case Study Scenario CASE STUDY 4- FIAT: REBIRTH OF A CARMAKER 4.1 Using the information in the case study undertake a SWOT analysis of Fiat at the time of Sergio Marchionnes appointment and suggest how a SWOT analysis in 2008 may differ. 13SWOT analysis is used for scanning an organization (internal factors) as well as its environment (external factors). The internal factors include strengths(S) and weaknesses (W) while the external factors include opportunity (O) and threats (T). 14 SWOT ANALYSIS FOR FIAT GROUP AUTOMOBILES: Below is a table showing SWOT Analysis before the year 2004. Strengths weaknesses Fiat offered differentiated products. That is; it provides the market with a variety of cars. The companys hierarchy line was long making it more bureaucratic. Fiat cars were viewed as a quality brand. It lacked well developed core competence lending to ugly and unstylish cars. The company was well reputed. It needed to maintain its debts. Ability of manufacturing small cars. Licensing agreement with Bosch for financial support in exchange with the diesel technology that Fiat had. opportunities Threats Fiat had a chance of wining the market share from rivals. Competition with existing automobile firms. The market is ready to accept the new and stylish cars. Partnership agreement with General Motors for giving it them the right to sell its cars. Risk of employing new members to the Fiat family. Table 1 Below is a table showing SWOT Analysis after the year 2004. Strengths weaknesses Distinctive competence of designing low cost equivalent four-cylinder engine. Limited resources. Using technology by means of computer for simulation. Lack of knowledge with regard to entering new markets. For example the Chinese market. Producing new and stylish car designs. Drop in the market share. Competitive advantage of cutting down time to reach the market. Declined performance of the company since Fiat only sold 2000 cars in china, India and Russia. Fiats cars are exploited to have relative fuel efficiency. It is the first carmaker to put forward diesel engines that met the so-called Euro 5 fuel standards. opportunities Threats Winning the market share. Rivalry of potential new competitors. Expanding product line with new and innovative stylish cars. Rivalry with existing competitors such as VW and PSA Peugeot Citroen. Entering into joint venture for instance, with companies like SAIC (China) and TATA (India). Adverse demographic. For insistence Russian market; is it ready to accept the cars offered to them? Entering new geographic markets such as Brazilian, China, India and Russia. Challenge in controlling quality of the car brand. Fiat cars expect to have lower average emissions than any other competitor due to its fuel efficiency. Risk of employing new members to the Fiat family. Table 2 Comparing SWOT analysis before and after 2004: The company is able to increase its growth by entering new and emergent markets. As said, Fiat is expecting to have its sales from different areas such as outside Western Europe, China, India, Russia and soon overtake Germany. Fiat will also be able to increase sales along with its market share whereas before 2004, its sales were dropped; market share had declined and a lot of debt was to be paid. With introduction of technology, new stylish cars were offered to the market with reducing time at development area so as to start the production as soon as possible. The firm was able to rectify mistakes that it made earlier. For example the licensing agreement with Bosch in exchange with the diesel technology that Fiat had. Below is a table showing a comparison between the two SWOT Analyses. 2004 2008 Sales were dropped, Market share declined and a lot of debt was pending to be paid. Sales along with its market share increased. Fiats core competence had ceased. Developed new competences such as designing low cost equivalent four-cylinder engine, usage of technology, cutting down time to reach the market, relative fuel efficiency, put forward diesel engines. Mistake of licensing with other companies in order to support their finances in exchange with their ability. The firm will not repeat the same mistake of licensing; hence it will protect its competitive advantages. The companys hierarchy line was long making it more bureaucratic. The hierarchy line had become shorter making it less bureaucratic allowing the process to be smooth. Table 3 By 2008, most of the weaknesses had been reduced due to the rearrangement of the organizational system however, at the same time; a lot of improvement has been made. Therefore in order to develop, it is essential that the company takes many risks, as done by the Fiat Group Automobiles, since it is through this, the company has reached where it is now. 4.2 REFERENCE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY: Legendarydevils, Thread: 140 Fiat Cars Wallpapers, Fiat Cars Image http://www.legendarydevils.com/english/2173933-140-fiat-cars-wallpapers.html Quick MBA Knowledge to Power your Business, Strategic Management: Defining SWOT Analysis. http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/swot/ Marketing Teacher Est 2000, Lesson: SWOT Analysis, Definition of SWOT analysis. http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_swot.htm Greenwich University; Course Work: Fiat: Rebirth of a carmaker, Case Study Scenario. CASE STUDY 5- THE PROFITABILITY OF UK RETAILERS 15 5.1 Use the industry analysis framework to explain the profitability of the main supermarket chains in the UK. Analyzing profitability of any Industry is done through The Five Forces Model that was put forward by Michael Porter. Beneath is a figure of the model. 16Figure 1 17Below is an industrial analysis showing the profitability of the main UK supermarket chains. SUPPLIERS Bargaining power of the suppliers is Low since British firms have command over their suppliers. As said in the case; British firms are more experienced and more skillful in their buying power to extract better terms from suppliers. BUYERS Customers bargaining power is also Low since the supermarket groups have control over them. As said in the case; The UK groups exert massive buying power by utilizing the oligopoly power to impose a higher-than-normal price on their customers. RIVALRY The competition between existing supermarkets is extremely high, due to the fact that there are many groups within this industry which have similar products / services. SUBSTITUTES Threat of substitutes is high as customers can switch to other shops instead of going to the supermarkets since they might be charged with a higher price as compared to other shops providing similar products at a lower price. Secondly, the suppliers could also switch to other firms rather than the British supermarkets due to the buying power exerted by the supermarkets. THREATS OF NEW ENTRANTS With lots of competition, threat of new entrants is relatively high, since the industry is more profitable in UK. At the same time, UK groups have barriers that cause difficulty for new competitors to enter the industry. Some of them being: Application of IT in their logistics, Lower Labor costs and High own-label penetration. Reference list Carpenter, M, Bauer, T, Erdogan, B, Flatworld Knowledge, Principles of Management; Developing Strategy through External Analysis Porters Five Forces Analysis of Market Structure. [Image] http://www.flatworldknowledge.com/pub/1.0/principles-management/29047#web-29047 BUS 2700 Business Driven Information Technology, chapter 2: Identifying Competitive Advantages; The Five Forces Model Evaluating Business Segments. The Five Forces Model. [Image] http://bus2700-spring08.blogspot.com/2008/01/chapter-two-identifying-competitive.html Greenwich University; Course Work: The Profitability of UK Retailers Case Study Scenario. Tutors notes on Industrial Analysis: Five Forces Model Service design is one of the key resources that Novotel has, making it valuable. It includes the layout of the hotel allowing the customers to easily access the public spaces such as bars and restaurants. Distribution systems are attained by good relationships with distributors. Novotel has achieved to operate in both individual and corporate business as well as leisure markets. Firm infrastructure and Procurement Novotels relationships with partners develop a strong bond creating a valuable asset to the organization. Its efficiency allows delivering both economies of scale and scope making it rare and difficult to imitate. Staff retention is the most essential resource required in this industry. To retain and motivate, is a challenge Novotel was competent to do, thus reducing staff turnover through staff exchanges resulting to value creation. Standardization in all the locations worldwide is another benefit that Novotel has; allowing the staff to understand basic functions. This technique is valued and rare. Novotels Multi-skilled staff creates an exceptional resource and is most valued. The skills given to them during the training makes them capable of doing multiple tasks. Most of the capabilities conclude to be temporary competitive, since the industry is such that many competitors can imitate most of the capabilities and resources that the Novotel hotel has, directly or indirectly. Hence Novotels most sustainable competitive advantages are obtaining and retaining its multi-skilled staff that can work flexibly as well as having good relationships with suppliers. Reference list tophotelsphuket.com, Top Hotels in Phuket, Thailand, Novotel Hotels and Resorts Novotel logo [Image] http://www.tophotelsphuket.com/hotels/novotel-hotels-phuket.htm Applying the VRIO Framework: An Overview; VRIO Analysis. http://academic.udayton.edu/DianeSullivan/Other%20Helpful%20Files/Applying%20the%20VRIO%20Framework.doc Abraham Z. et al, Pacific Lutheran University School of Business, Vodafone Strategic Evaluation; VRIO Analysis, 2007. http://www.plu.edu/~vennataj/doc/vodafone.doc Scott Gallagher, 2004; Why do firm performance differ? Internal Analysis VRIO Analysis; Updated on 1st Nov 2007, http://falcon.jmu.edu/~gallagsr/WDFPD-Internal.pdf Greenwich University; Course Work: The Novotel Value Chain Case Study Scenario Tutors notes on: VRIO Analysis CASE STUDY 7- THE LEVISS PERSONAL PAIR PROPOSAL 7.1 What position in the market does Levis occupy (use the strategy clock to characterize its position)? 21Bowman derived the strategic clock into four quadrants, having eight dimensions namely; No fill, Low price strategy, Hybrid, Differentiation, Focused differentiation, Increased price / Standard value, Increased price / Low value, Standard price/ Low value. The clock is compared in terms of Perceived Price and Perceived Benefit or Added Value as shown below. By using the strategic clock, Levis business environment is positioned to be in the fourth category which is the Differentiation. This is because; Levis offers a variety of products that have added value as well as a premium price slightly higher than the normal in order to satisfy the consumers needs. Levis products have Quality, Brand Image and Product Design and as a result creates Price premium, Customer Loyalty, giving the company a competitive advantage against its competitors. Due to Levis brand recognition and loyalty, its price offered is also slightly higher than its rivals therefore prevents itself from entering the price-based competition. As said in the case; Due to brand recognition and loyalty they did not enter into price based competition thus controlling reasonable price premium Levis also provides a wide range of products such as pants, shorts, skirts, jackets, and outwear. As said in the case; while blue jeans remain the companys mainstay, the San Francisco based company also sells pants made of corduroy, twill and various other fabrics as well as shorts, skirts, jackets, and outwear. With a premium price, along with its strong brand name, Levis has been able to position itself in the differentiation category, resulting into value-added products, hence gaining higher profit margins. 7.2 REFERENCE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY: Feed the Interns A Daily Bite, Thursday, August 12th, 2010, Levis arent just for dads anymore?; Levis Logo [Image] http://feedtheinternsblog.blogspot.com/ Electronic Source Cover Page Image Dagmar Recklies, April 2001, Literature by: David Faulkner and Cliff Bowman, The Management.de The Essence of Competitive Strategy, The Strategic Clock Strategies on the basis of price and value: Differentiation strategy. http://www.themanagement.de/ressources/Strategy%20Clock.htm Strategy Explorers, Bases of Competitive Advantage: The Strategy Clock http://www.strategyexplorers.com/whitepapers/Do-you-have-a-competitive-strategy.pdf Zanthus Corp. 2007; Business Strategy Bowman, C. and Faulkner, D.; Competitive and Corporate Strategy; Irwin; 1996 Bowman Strategy Clock http://www.zanthus.com/databank/strategy/business_strategy.php?aspr Greenwich University; Course Work: The Levis Personal Pair Proposal Case Study Scenario. Tutors notes on: VRIO Analysis Zanthus Corp. 2007; Business Strategy Bowman, C. and Faulkner, D.; Competitive and Corporate Strategy; Irwin; 1996 -Bowman Strategy Clock:[Image] http://www.zanthus.com/databank/strategy/business_strategy.php?aspr CASE STUDY 8- THE VIRGIN GROUP 8.1 Does the virgin Group, as a corporate parent, add value to its businesses? If so how? 24According to Johnson et al, Corporate parenting is the level of management above that of the business units, and therefore without direct interaction with buyers and competitors. (Johnson et al, 2009, p.172). Below are some of the areas through which the Virgin Group corporate parent adds value to its businesses. First the corporate parent has added value in establishing a strong brand name such as being a consumers champion through which barriers to entry could be overcome. Virgin is a reputed and well known brand in the market, thus enabling it to expand itself in static markets. In addition, the Virgin Group has a good resource management team. Branson together with his expertise and experienced team, review business proposals every week, out of which, appropriate prospects that match with the Virgin brand are then discussed. This enables Virgin to identify industries as well as institutionalized markets in which to enter. Moreover, the corporate parent assists in reducing organizational risks by entering into many joint ventures. Through these ventures Virgin, is able to penetrate new or untapped feasible markets allowing it attain low costs as well as expansion. Furthermore, Virgin Groups management style and leadership system is decentralized providing its managers with flexibility in decision making. Branson is mostly involved when it comes to marketing and promotion. In terms of innovation, the brand name itself tends to invite like minded partners to venture new markets thus allowing innovation and differentiation. Indeed, Virgin Group as a corporate parent adds value to its business by always trying to venture untapped markets and manage the business in a liberal way. 25As said by Andrew Campbell et al, Fit between a parent and its businesses is a two-edged sword: a good fit can create value: a bad one can destroy it. (Thompson and Strickland, 2004, p.290) 8.3 REFERENCE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY: Rotty Seinfeld, Downtown Pets nyc dog services for lower Manhattan, Virgin founder Richard Branson on Charity and Dire Straits, Thursday, October 11th , 2007 at 7:45am; Virgin Group [Image] http://nyc_dog_blog.downtownpet.com/2007/10/virgin-found-richard-branson-on-charity.html Electronic Source Cover Page Image Johnson et al, 2009, Fundamentals of Strategy: Corporate Parenting, 1st edn, page 172 Rob Abdul, WSI Case Study: Virgin Corporate Strategy, Value Adding by Corporate Parent http://www.robabdul.com/the-virgin-group-case-study.asp The Role of the Corporate Parent Outline http://www.business.stir.ac.uk/teaching/Business%20Studies/Units/Autumn/StrategicManagement/4027Role%20of%20the%20corporate%20parent.ppt#257,1,The role of the corporate parent Exploring Corporate Strategy; The Virgin Group. http://esecourses.com/cfincase.pdf Scribd.com, Corporate Parenting Fundamentals, February 16th 2009, Corporate Parenting Style Supported its Strategic Implementation? http://www.scribd.com/doc/12456190/Corporate-Parenting-Fundmentals Greenwich University; Course Work: The Virgin Group Case Study Scenario. Tutors notes on: Corporate Parenting Thompson and Strickland, 2004, Strategic Management: Strategy and Competitive Advantage in Diversified Companies, Quotation on Corporate Parenting. 13th edn, page.290 Greenwich University; Course Work: The Virgin Group Case Study Scenario Flow chart of the Virgin Group Electronic Source- Article CASE STUDY 9- EXTENDING THE easy BUSINESS MODEL How would you characterize easyGroups growth strategies in terms of Ansoff matrix? 28Ansoff matrix is a tool used by the organization to establish growth strategies that focus on its product as well as market growth. It is divided into four quadrants namely; Market penetration, Market development, Product development and Diversification.  [29]  Below are the growth strategies used by the easyGroup. Existing Products New Products Existing Markets Market Penetration Product Development New Markets Market Development Diversification easyGroup penetrates its market by providing best services at low price thus attaining customer satisfaction and loyalty. As a result, companys market share increases. . For example, easyJet provides its customers with affordable services through various strategic campaigns and promotions. Additionally, easyCar rents brand new A-Class Mercedes cars at a lower price reflecting easyGroups brand. It has also established pick-up and drop-off areas nearer to the car parks by means of mobile vans. Moreover, easyGroup develops its products by either modifying or getting into new businesses within the same market. For example, the group expanded easyinternetcafe services by setting up smaller Points of Presence (PoP), within existing enterprises, example McDonalds, Burger King, and Subway. Furthermore, easyGroups market development involves offering existing products to new markets. The easyGroup is planning to extend its easyinternetcafe through franchising involving store establishment, local marketing and store maintenance as well as entering into international markets such as in US. For the case of easyCar, the group aims to expand its sites from 50 to 80. easyGroups diversification strategy enables it to increase its scope, by providing new markets with new services not only in the airline industry but also in other industries. For example easyGroup launched new ventures such as the easyCar, easyValue as well as easyMoney, and is now planning to enter into the cinema industry. Thus, the company experiences unrelated diversification strategy. 9.2 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY: easy.com more value for less, The portal site for all easyGroup companies, easyGroup logo [Image] http://www.easy.com/ Quick MBA Knowledge to Power your Business, Strategic Management; Ansoff Matrix Definition of Ansoff Matrix. http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/matrix/ansoff/ Marketing Teacher, Est 2000, Ansoff Matrix Planning for Growth; Definition of Ansoff Matrix http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_ansoff.htm tutor2u, Ansoff product/ market matrix; Definition of Ansoff Matrix http://tutor2u.net/business/strategy/ansoff_matrix.htm university essays tripod, Guide to write university essays, course works, assignments and dissertation: Ansoff Analysis; http://university-essays.tripod.com/ansoff_analysis.html Custom essays from Degree Essays; Business Essays Easy Group Study, Strategic Direction Ansoff Matrix of easygroup http://www.degree-essays.com/essays/businessessays/easy-group-study.php Greenwich University; Course Work: Extending the easy Business Model, Ca

Comparing First Dates in Sottos Oranges and Wetherells The Bass, the

First Dates in Sotto's Oranges and Wetherell's The Bass, the River, and Shelia Mant Everyone is born with innocence and they gradually gain experience through lessons learned in life; some people may gain more that others. Not all lessons in life are dramatic or negative, some may be subtle, positive, or even life altering; however, no matter how small or big, they do alter one's perspective on things and help them to gain experience, which will be with them forever. These experiences may be gained through love, war, or death, but in some way or another they have changed one's point of view. The works "Oranges", written by Gary Sotto, and "The Bass, the River, and Shelia Mant", written by W.D. Wetherell, both tell about a boys first love and his first date. First loves and first dates is something that can be related to by everyone, whether boy or girl. These two works show that the outcome of a first date may not be what one expected, but in the end something more may be learned. In "The Bass, the River, and Shelia Mant", the speaker fell in love with a beautiful girl named Shelia Mant, which was the only thing that he loved more than fishing. He watched her everyday sunbathing on the dock. He watched her so much that he learned what mood she was in by the position she was laying. When the summer was almost over he got up enough nerve to ask her out. To his surprise she said yes. They went to see a band, however, since he was only fourteen they took a canoe. While rowing the canoe he had his fishing pole on the back, because he never left the house without it. Little did he know that Shelia thought fishing was dumb. So, during the entire canoe ride he is trying to hide the fishing pole, which is hanging o... ...h the speaker from "The Bass, the River, and Shelia Mant" did not have a great first date or love, he learned to be himself, not to change who he was so someone will like him. Although both speakers lost their innocence and gained experience in love and dating, they still have a lot more to learn in both. Innocence may be loss in a subtle or life altering way, negative or positive, but when all is said and done the experience gained will help one to succeed in life. Works Cited Lessing, Doris. "Through the Tunnel." Responding to Literature: Stories, Poems, Plays, and Essays. Fourth Edition. Ed. Judith A Stanford. Boston: McGrawHill, 2003. 860-867. Wetherell, W.D. "The Bass, the River, and Sheila Mant." Responding to Literature: Stories, Poems, Plays, and Essays. Fourth Edition. Ed. Judith A. Stanford. Boston: McGrawHill, 2003. 191-196.

Material Balances for Carbon

Many of the earth's natural processes are cyclic. The circulation of water between oceans, atmosphere and continents is a familiar example. Another is the transformation and movement of carbon-containing compounds for which the immediately obvious elements are the photosynthetic generation by plants of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and the consumption of carbohydrates by herbivores who regenerate carbon dioxide through respiration. (As we shall see shortly, the complete carbon cycle involves a number of additional processes.)Such cycles are termed â€Å"biogeochemical cycles. † The term is most commonly used to refer to global cycles of the â€Å"life elements† C, O, N, S, and P, but its use is extended as well to regional cycles and to other elements or components. The study of biogeochemical cycles then is the study of the transformation and transport of substances in the Earth's systems. In most cases the cycles link biotic (living) subsystems to abiotic (non-liv ing) ones. Of particular current interest is the effect of human-caused disturbances on the natural cycles.A major disturbance in the carbon cycle, for example, is the continuous injection of carbon (mainly as carbon dioxide) into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels. How much of this injected carbon ends up in the atmosphere? How much in the oceans? . . . in the land vegetation? What effect does the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have on the global climate? Insights to the answers to these and related questions can be gained through the use of mathematical models constructed by applying material and energy balance principles.Here the carbon cycle serves as an illustrative example, though much of the discussion is couched in terms that apply generally. The objective is to develop a simple mathematical model that will demonstrate the use of material and energy balances for studying the Earth’s natural processes. A schematic representation The transport o f substances in biogeochemical systems is commonly depicted graphically by means of flowsheets or flowcharts, which are composed of boxes (or compartments, or reservoirs) connected by arrow-directed lines.As such, the depiction resembles the flowsheet for a chemical plant or process where boxes represent various 1  units (reactors, heat exchangers, etc. ) and the lines represent material flows. Indeed the analogy extends to methods of analysis, as we shall see in later sections, based on material and/or energy balances. Flowcharts for biogeochemical systems differ from those generally used for chemical processes in that a single chart for the former usually is used to track the flow of just one substance (ordinarily an element such as carbon) — but it need not be so. The number of boxes in a schematic representation is indicative of the level of detail to which an analysis will be subjected or for which information (data) is available.The least detailed for global carbon, f or example, consists of only three compartments — for land, oceans and atmosphere — of the type shown in Figure 1. Commonly in such representations, the amounts, or inventory, of the substance of interest (represented by M's in Figure 1) in each compartment have units of mass or moles. The exchange rates or flows (usually termed â€Å"fluxes† in the ecosystem literature, represented by F's in Figure 1) have units of mass or moles per unit of time. Figure 1. Three-compartment representation of a biogeochemical cycle.M's  represent the inventory (mass or moles), and F's are flows or fluxes (mass or moles per unit time). atmosphere, Ma Foa Fao oceans, Mo Fta Fat land, Mt (terrestrial system) A quantitative description would give numerical values of the inventories and fluxes — or better yet, would give expressions for the F's in terms of the M's. Figure 2 presents a similar flowchart with a slightly higher level of detail. This representation recognizes th at there may be a significant difference between concentrations near the ocean surface and those in the deeper ocean layers.We will use this representation later for studying a model of the carbon cycle. 2 atmosphere, Ma Fsa Figure 2. Four-compartment representation of a biogeochemical cycle. Fas surface ocean layer, Ms Fds Fta Fat land, Mt (terrestrial system) Fsd deep ocean layers, Md A further level of detail might add boxes to represent land and ocean biota, but we will not add that complexity for our purposes here. Mathematical models Mathematical models of biogeochemical cycles can take on various forms depending on the level of detail sought or necessary and/or on the type of supporting or verifying information or data available.In general, models attempt to relate the rates of transport, transformation and input of substances to their masses and changes by way of equations based on material and/or energy conservation principles. The description in the preceding section sugge sts so-called â€Å"lumped† models; that is, models in which the spatial position is not a continuous variable. Indeed it may not even appear in the model equations. It is, in fact, considered to be piecewise constant. Thus the vertical position in the ocean was separated into two parts, surface layer and deep layers.For such lumped models, the mathematical description is in the form of ordinary differential equations for the unsteady states and of algebraic or transcendental equations for the steady state. So-called â€Å"distributed† models, which consider the spatial position to be a continuous variable, lead to partial differential equations for the unsteady and ordinary differential equations for the steady state. By far the most common models employed for biogeochemical cycles are of the lumped variety, and the remainder of this module will be devoted to them. One should think of lumped models as representing overall (perhaps 3 global) averages.With sufficient de tail (large number of boxes) they may be useful for accurate quantitative purposes; with little detail, they may be used to obtain rough estimates, to study qualitative trends, and to gain insights into the effects of changes. Lumped models are sometimes referred to as â€Å"black box† models — so called because they consider only the inputs and outputs of the boxes and their interior masses. They do not explore the interior details of the boxes — such as the predator-prey interactions that influence the population dynamics within the biota, or the complex ocean chemistry that affects the air-ocean exchange of material.In the same way, most flowsheet representations and calculations for chemical plants treat process units as black boxes. Material and energy balances relate known and unknown stream quantities. The detail within a box, such as the tray-to-tray compositions and temperatures of a distillation column are not directly involved in the usual flowsheet c alculation, but obviously are involved in determining the output streams, or in relating them to other streams, at a finer level of detail Calculations for a model of the carbon cycleHere we will use a schematic diagram similar to that in Figure 2 to construct a mathematical model for the carbon cycle. Our purpose is to estimate the effect of fossil fuel burning on the level of carbon in the atmosphere — important information for the assessment of the greenhouse effect. Figure 2 is reconstructed below to include the input of carbon from fossil fuels. atmosphere, Ma Fsa Figure 3. A simplified representation of the carbon cycle, including an input from fossil fuel burning. Fas surface ocean layer, Ms Fds Fat land, Mt (terrestrial system) Fsd deep ocean layers, Md  4 Fta Ff fossil fuelsThe following equations relate the flow rates (fluxes) in the diagram to the masses of carbon in the boxes in the form employed in references [1] and [2]. The numerical values of the coefficient s were derived from data presented in those references. Ffa is an input disturbance, yet to be specified. In these equations, the masses (the M’s) are in units of petagrams, and the fluxes (the F’s) are in units of petagrams per year. (One petagram is 15 10 grams. ) Fas = (0. 143) Ma (1) Fsa = (10 ( 2) ?25 )M 9. 0 s Fat = (16. 2) Ma0. 2 (3) Fta = (0. 0200 ) Mt ( 4)  Fds = (0. 00129) Md (5) Fsd = ( 0. 450) Ms ( 6)Notice that Equations 2 and 3 are nonlinear relationships between fluxes and masses. To appreciate the reason for this, say in Equation 2, bear in mind that the fluxes and masses are measures of the element C, which actually exists in various compound forms, with equilibrium likely established among them, in the ocean waters. Yet it is only carbon dioxide that enters the atmosphere from the ocean layers in any appreciable quantity. Therefore, the relationship between carbon dioxide and the total carbon in the ocean layers is complicated.The nonlinear relation ship in Equation 3 is explained by the fact that this rate of transfer, nearly all in the form of carbon dioxide, is governed mainly by the rate of photosynthesis by plants — a rate usually not limited by carbon dioxide supply from the air but rather by the photochemical and biochemical reactions at play. Material balances Material balances on carbon (i. e. , atomic balances) may be written for each of the boxes in Figure 3. As an example, with the information in Equations 1-6 incorporated, the unsteady balance on the â€Å"atmosphere† box is given by 5 dMa 0. 2  = (10 ?25 ) Ms9. 0 + (0. 0200) Mt ? (0. 143) Ma ? (16. 2 ) Ma + Ff dt ( 7)Similar balances must be added for the other three compartments, and initial values for the four M’s must be given to complete the mathematical model. The input from fossil fuel consumption, the disturbance function Ff, may be a constant or a function of time. Its current value is about 5 petagrams of carbon per year. Over some periods of time its value increased at the rate of about 4% per year. Inasmuch as the Earth’s total reservoir of fossil fuels is estimated to be 10,000 petagrams, of which only half may be  recoverable for use, the current use rate, much less any significant increase, is not sustainable indefinitely.However, in the much shorter run, the concern is not about the availability of fossil fuels, but about how their use may be affecting the global climate. Steady states . The steady-state model is derived simply by setting the time derivatives in the transient equations to zero. Further, we can deduce from physical considerations that no steady state is possible unless Ff is zero. (Notice that the steadystate equations are nonlinear in the M's owing to the exponents on Ms and Ma.Consequently, a numerical search procedure must be used to obtain solutions to Problem 1 below. ) Problem 1 Incorporating the information in Equations 1-6, write the steady-state carbon balance for each o f the four â€Å"boxes† in Figure 3, taking Ff to be zero. Can you solve these equations for the numerical values of the four M’s? (Note that the equations are not linearly independent; one is redundant. ) (a) Take the total M (i. e. , the sum of the four M’s) to be 39,700 petagrams (the actual current estimate of the total carbon in the four compartments) and solve for the M’s.Note that your solution would be the ultimate steady-state distribution of carbon if the usage of fossil fuels were discontinued now — that is if Ff were immediately decreased from 5 petagrams per year to zero. (b) Instead of assuming an immediate reduction in Ff to zero, suppose that the usage of fossil fuels is reduced gradually in such manner that the carbon entering the atmosphere from this source decreases linearly with 6 time from 5 petagrams per year to zero over the next 100 years.Calculate the total amount (in petagrams) of carbon released by fossil fuel use over th at 100-year period, and determine the new set of M's at steady state. What fraction of the added carbon will ultimately (steadily) reside in the atmosphere? Unsteady (Transient) States. While information about steady states is of interest and importance, the more relevant questions can only be answered by examining the transient or unsteady state. How long does it take to approach a steady state? What levels of carbon are reached in the atmosphere along the way to an eventual steady state?What is the effect of increasing or decreasing the rate of consumption of fossil fuels? Consider the first question. According to the numerical values given above for fluxes and reservoir levels of carbon, the effective time constants for the reservoirs vary from a few years for the atmosphere to hundreds or thousands of years for the deep ocean layers. Therefore, a large input into the atmosphere may eventually decay to only a modest permanent (steady-state) increase owing to the fact that the lar ge capacity of the oceans will eventually absorb most of it — but the effects on the atmosphere may be felt for a century or more.The point was made above that the steady-state equations, being nonlinear, cannot be solved analytically. The same is true for the unsteady state. Therefore, the following problem requires a numerical procedure for solving the system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Problem 2 . Equation 7 gives the material balance for carbon in the atmosphere. Complete the mathematical description of the unsteady state by writing similar balances on the remaining three compartments shown in Figure 3.Take the initial (current) levels of carbon in the four reservoirs to be 700, 3000, 1000, 35000 for the atmosphere, terrestrial, surface ocean, and deep ocean reservoirs, respectively — all in petagrams. (a) Assuming that the carbon input from fossil fuel use remains constant at its present level of 5 petagrams per year, generate a numerical solutio n giving the amount of carbon in each reservoir versus time over a 100-year period. (Show your results in graphical form. ) (b) As in part (b) of Problem 1, let Ff decrease linearly with time from 5 petagrams per year to zero over 100 years.Again generate solutions and present curves showing the 7 reservoir levels of carbon versus time up to 100 years. What fraction of the total carbon entering the atmosphere from fossil fuel use is present in the atmosphere at the end of the 100-year period? Compare that fraction to your answer for part (b) of Problem 1. Comments? A Glance at the Global Warming Problem You might ask why should we be concerned about changes in atmospheric carbon levels. After all, the levels are very low. Further, we should expect some natural level of CO2 in the atmosphere owing simply to that generated by the respiration of plants and animals.In fact, that natural level is estimated to be about 280 ppmv — a pre-industrial level that probably existed steadil y for centuries before the industrial revolution. The answer to such questions is not simple, but the major concern nowadays is the possible upsetting of the Earth's energy balance leading to an increase in the average global temperature. We will not attempt an exhaustive treatment of this subject here, but since it connects directly to the preceding discussion of the carbon cycle, it warrants a quick glance at least. The following equation gives the simplest form of the Earth's energy balance.S(1 ? f ) r = 2 4 2 T (4 r ) (8) where S is the solar constant — i. e. , the amount of incident solar radiation per unit projected area of the Earth, f is the albedo or reflectivity of the Earth, r is the Earth's radius ? is the effective emissivity of the Earth for infrared radiation to outer space, ? is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant T is the absolute temperature — indicative of the global average temperature. The radius, r, cancels from Equation 8. The following list gives valu es for the other quantities in Equation 8. 2 S = 1367 watts/m f = 0. 31 ? = 0. 615 -8 2 4 ? = 5.5597 x 10 watts/(m oK ) 8Equation 8 is a steady-state balance equating the solar energy reaching the Earth's surface (on the left side) to the energy lost by infrared radiation to outer space (on the right side). Atmospheric gases affect the reflectivity, f, and the effective emissivity, ?. In particular, so-called greenhouse gases decrease ? by absorbing, or â€Å"trapping†, some of the infrared radiation, thereby reducing the amount of energy that can escape from the Earth. If all other factors are constant, a lower value of ? will result in a higher value of T from Equation 8.Other factors come into the picture, however, and lead to uncertainty about the extent of global warming that may occur due to increases in CO2 and other greenhouse gases. For example, an increase in the average temperature would probably lead to an increase in aerosols and cloudiness, which will act to inc rease f and offset the effect of a decrease in ?. We probably error on the pessimistic side (i. e. , predicting a temperature change that is too large) if we assume, as we shall here, that an increasing CO2 level works only to decrease ?. The following equation gives a reasonable estimate for that variation. = 0. 642- (8.  45 x 10-5) pco 2 (9) where pCO2 is the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in parts per million by volume (ppmv).Problem 3 For this problem you will need to calculate the concentration of CO2 in ppmv from the total mass of atmospheric carbon. For that calculation, take 18 the total mass of the atmosphere to be 5. 25 x 10 kg. In all cases use the initial values for the M's given in Problem 2. (a) Using your result from Problem 1(b) along with Equations 8 and 9, calculate the predicted eventual increase in the global temperature attributable to the carbon added to the atmosphere over a 100-year period.(b) Repeat Problems 2(a) and 2(b), this time incl uding a graph of the global temperature change versus years as predicted from Equations 8 and 9. Comment about the resulting temperature following from Problem 2(b) vis-a`-vis that following from Problem 1(b). 9 Problem solutions Solutions to the three problems presented in these notes are available to course instructors as Mathcad (Macintosh) files or as copies of those files in pdf format. Copies may be obtained by e-mail request to schmitz. [email  protected] edu.

How far is it applicable to management and employee motivation in contemporary Chinese organizations? Essay

Critically evaluate McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y. How far is it applicable to management and employee motivation in contemporary Chinese organizations? During the 1960s the number of psychologists invented motivational theories, which aimed to increase organizations’ productivity. One of those is McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y, in which he claimed that people can be managed in two extremes, based on the grounds of their needs. After publishing his work had a significant impact on management ideas. Head (2011) states, that in present days, his approaches of management can be successfully applied in different countries, as well as in China. However, despite the modernization of modern working environment in China, there are still the number of hardships that make the adaptation of his theories complex and difficult. From the year of publication, McGregor’s work made a significant influence on the management philosophy. Most of the management books include his theory as an example of the substantial step of management insights (Jastolka, 2009). It was stated by Head (2011), that most of the managers prefer to use one of those, instead of other approaches. Later, after McGregor’s publication the contribution for a deeper research of labor’s motivation was made. Also, McGregor’s work persuaded managers to believe that employees’ behavior can be predicted using scientific metho ds. Afterwards the research has been conducted, therefore the deeper understanding of human’s motivation can be gained (Head, 2011). The appliance of both methods can be successful, depending on which sphere the company is specializing in. According to Bobic and Davis (2003), adaptive approach, or Theory X works with highly routine and detailed tasks. Additionally, it is more appropriate for firms with bureaucratic structures (Kirton, 1978; cited in Bobic and Davis, 2003). Such organizations have hierarchical systems with clearly distinguished responsibilities and roles. Regarding to the innovative technique, or Theory Y, it responds more efficiently with complicated tasks that require special skills (Sorensen, 2011). In spite of listed advantages, McGregor’s work was criticized for the number of weaknesses. Firstly, technological development, new forms of businesses and other improvements in the organization of production leaded to the alteration of employees’ responsibilities, and formed new types of jobs. It was claimed by Bobic and Davis (2003), that present workers have different working settings, in the comparison to the working environment in  1960s. Thus, it is fallaciously to regard this theory as a beneficial explanation of contemporary humans’ motivation. Secondly, people have a set of characteristics, which makes every person unique, and it is far too complex to distinguish them between only two groups. For example, Theory X does not take the diversity of individuals into the consideration (Miner, 2002; cited in Jastolka, 2009). Finally, McGregor’s hypothesis is mostly founded on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which validity is criticized (Heylighen, 1992; cited in Bobic and Davis, 2003). Furthermore, Maslow’s work was based on the empirical base of America, and its applicability to other countries has not been successfully proven yet. In case of China, its working environment is slightly becoming similar to Western, because in 1979 Chinese government began to implement economic policies to create an economy with capitalistic features, such as profit orientation, private owning and market forces (Francesco and Gold, 2005). Such changes significantly influenced the way, in which Chinese workers are treated by their managers, forcing them to practice methods that used in Western nations, however despite these changes, implementing of McGregor’s methods is hard for certain reasons. First of all, according to Francesco and Gold (2005), the management style of a country, such as China, with strong traditions and remained patriarchy, is hard to be transformed or altered. For example, Garg and Ma (2005) conducted a research, which shows the difference between frameworks of organizations. The participants of survey were three groups of firms, with different introduction of non-Chinese executives, who use Western management approaches: complete, partial and blank, and result shows a significant difference between these companies in some aspects of working conditions. In organizations with only Chinese executives, most of employees experience an unavailability of managers, lack of encouragement to be innovative and lack of support most of the time. However, it could be argued that the conditions described above could be associated with Theory X. Secondly, Chinese employees in firms function as a group where each member is working for the prosperity of the whole company (Francesco and Gold, 2005). This feature restrains the enthusiasm of workers to be innovative in their job in order to maximize the profit of his/her company, but coerce them to do their tasks conventionally, because employees are anxious to harm their firm, while Theory Y assumes that people must have more freedom. Then,  Tsui et al. (cited in Huang, 2006), argue that communist ideology force Chinese employees to make efforts in their work to the favor of the commune. Finally, due to the listed characteristics most of the Chinese managers use commune-based leadership style. This means that Chinese workers are mostly dependent on their command and thus it is more appropriate to implement the ideas of Theory X in Chinese organizations (Jackson and Bak, 1998; cited in Huang, 2006). However, an interview made by Jamal and Xie (1991), shows that satisfaction and motivation of employees are in direct relationship to managers’ level of participation. To sum up, both Theory X and Theory Y have been successfully adopted in Western and some of the developing countries. With regard to China, which economy type has changed only 30 years before and traditional values of Chinese people remain fundamental, which in turn reduce the probability of prosperous adaptation of McGregor’s ideas. Comparing both theories, Theory X is more applicable to China than Theory Y, because of traditional command-style of leadership. However, in spite of the number of successful implementations of these approaches in completely Chinese organizations, with the goal to maximize the profit of a company, the applying of methods, which reflect the nature of a worker in China, who is different from the Western employee is preferable to McGregor’s work.

Democracy essays

Democracy essays It is a tendency to practice democracy over the world. There are lots of governments in the world which are trying their best to promote a sense of democracy for their nationals. Obviously, we can find that there are still some areas in Hong Kong where we cannot have freedom, such as freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of assembly, freedom of religion and so on .In order to make such a change, therefore, it is more than urgent to propagate democracy in our society. For us to do this , the best way is that we should cultivate such a sense in our youngsters who are ,as it has always been said, the future pillars of our society. As we all know, our future masters are still in school, the target, therefore, should be set on students in their campus life. Therefore, we should consider what the meaning of democracy is. No one can doubt the meaning that a democratic society is a society in which people can have their own opinions, choices, speeches to choose anything freely and are not disturbed by any persons. As we know more about democratic system in school, we will have democratic society in Hong Kong sooner or later. Organizing a students union has its undeniable role in promoting democracy in school. As the students can cast their votes to decide which the best union is. They will cater for the students?needs. In the short run, it can ensure that their own ballots would influence the election results and their votes would be respected in that it can have our just and equal system in school. What is also worth noticing is that by offering an opportunity for the students to express their own views, it is a good idea that students can enjoy freedom of press. For example, students can write articles to express what they think and what they need that they may be fulfilled by the school. Furthermore, the school authority should examine their opinions one by one, and give the responses seriously. ...

Who is Bell Hooks essays

Who is Bell Hooks essays Bell Hooks, whose government name is Gloria Watkins is a author, cultural critic, and feminist theorist that hails from Hopkinsville, Kentucky. Over the past decade she has written plenty of novels that aroused the souls of many African-Americans. Salvation: black people in love is one of her most recent attempts to educate black people on the importance of love, which she claims is what black people today are missing. I can see that her views are well respected, by all of the positive criticism she receives from people like Maya Angelou and magazines like Essence and the Black Issues Book Review. Moreover, in this novel she makes a lot of claims and most hold to be true. But one significant claim that is made by Hooks is that Tupac Amaru Shakur was and still is a negative influence on young black males today. In this essay I will challenge that claim. I believe that Tupac Amaru Shakur has had a positive influence on young black males today because through his music and writings he w as able to teach young black males to respect people like they would want to be respected, to constantly search for knowledge, and to always have self-esteem. Bell Hooks, as well as the mass media portray to us that black people are not loving, and that our lives are so burdened with violence and aggression that we have no time to love. She involves Tupac Shakur, an influential and revolutionary rapper/activist into this general statement. Due to Tupac and a handful of other rappers, young black men try to take on the image of being hard. Hardness, is usually associated with being nonchalant about life, rebelling against the social structure, and being violently aggressive at times. In the dictionary, hard means tough, unbreakable, and stiff. I feel that Bell Hooks definition of hard means incompetent, devalued and destroyed and that once they learn this way of life, they will ultimately become ...

Biography of Alfred Wegener, German Scientist

Biography of Alfred Wegener, German Scientist Alfred Wegener (November 1, 1880–November 1930) was a German meteorologist and geophysicist who developed the first theory of continental drift and formulated the idea that a supercontinent known as Pangaea existed on the Earth millions of years ago. His ideas were largely ignored at the time they were developed, but today they are widely accepted by the scientific community. As part of his research, Wegener also took part in several journeys to Greenland, where he studied the atmosphere and ice conditions. Fast Facts: Alfred Wegener Known For: Wegener was a German scientist who developed the idea of continental drift and Pangaea.Born: November 1, 1880 in Berlin, GermanyDied: November 1930 in Clarinetania,  GreenlandEducation: University of Berlin (Ph.D.)Published Works: Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere (1911), The Origin of Continents and Oceans (1922)Spouse: Else Koppen Wegener  (m. 1913-1930)Children: Hilde, Hanna, Sophie Early Life Alfred Lothar Wegener was born on November 1, 1880, in Berlin, Germany. During his childhood, Wegeners father ran an orphanage. Wegener took an interest in physical and earth sciences and studied these subjects at universities in both Germany and Austria. He graduated with a Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Berlin in 1905. He briefly served as an assistant at the Urania Observatory in Berlin. While earning his Ph.D. in astronomy, Wegener also took an interest in meteorology and paleoclimatology (the study of changes in the Earths climate throughout its history). From 1906 to 1908 he went on an expedition to Greenland to study polar weather. In Greenland, Wegener established a research station where he could take meteorological measurements. This expedition was the first of four dangerous trips that Wegener would take to the icy island. The others occurred from 1912 to 1913 and in 1929 and 1930. Continental Drift Shortly after receiving his Ph.D., Wegener began teaching at the University of Marburg in Germany, and in 1910 he drafted his Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere, which would later become an important meteorological textbook. During his time at the university, Wegener developed an interest in the ancient history of the Earths continents and their placement. He had noticed, in 1910, that the eastern coast of South America and the northwestern coast of Africa looked as if they were once connected. In 1911, Wegener also came across several scientific documents stating there were identical fossils of plants and animals on each of these continents. He eventually articulated the idea that all of the Earths continents were at one time connected into one large supercontinent. In 1912, he presented the idea of continental displacement- which would later become known as continental drift- to explain how the continents moved toward and away from one another throughout the Earths history. In 1914, Wegener was drafted into the German Army during World War I. He was wounded twice and was eventually placed in the Armys weather forecasting service for the duration of the war. In 1915, Wegener published his most famous work, The Origin of Continents and Oceans, as an extension of his 1912 lecture. In that work, he presented extensive evidence to support his claim that all of the Earths continents were at one time connected. Despite the evidence, however, most of the scientific community ignored his ideas at the time. Later Life From 1924 to 1930, Wegener was a professor of meteorology and geophysics at the University of Graz in Austria. At a 1927 symposium, he introduced the idea of Pangaea, a Greek term meaning all lands, to describe the supercontinent that he believed existed on the Earth millions of years ago. Scientists now believe that such a continent did exist- it probably formed about 335 million years ago and began to split apart 175 million years ago. The strongest evidence of this is- as Wegener suspected- the distribution of similar fossils throughout continental borders that are now many miles apart. Death In 1930, Wegener took part in his last expedition to Greenland to set up a winter weather station that would monitor the jet stream in the upper atmosphere over the North Pole. Severe weather delayed the start of the trip and made it extremely difficult for Wegener and the 14 other explorers and scientists with him to reach the weather station. Eventually, 12 of these men would turn around and return to the groups base camp near the coast. Wegener and two others continued on, reaching the final destination of Eismitte (Mid-Ice, a site near the center of Greenland) five weeks after the start of the expedition. On the return trip to the base camp, Wegener became lost and is believed to have died sometime in November 1930 at the age of 50. Legacy For most of his life, Wegener remained dedicated to his theory of continental drift and Pangaea despite receiving harsh criticism from other scientists, many of whom believed the oceanic crust was too rigid to permit the movement of tectonic plates. By the time of his death in 1930, his ideas were almost entirely rejected by the scientific community. It was not until the 1960s that they gained credibility as scientists began studying seafloor spreading and plate tectonics. Wegeners ideas served as a framework for those studies, which produced evidence that supported his theories. The development of the Global Positioning System (GPS) in 1978 eliminated any residual doubt there may have been by providing direct evidence of continental movements. Today, Wegeners ideas are highly regarded by the scientific community as an early attempt at explaining why the Earths landscape is the way it is. His polar expeditions are also highly admired and today the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research is known for its high-quality research in the Arctic and the Antarctic. A crater on the Moon and a crater on Mars are both named in Wegeners honor. Sources Bressan, David. â€Å"May 12, 1931: Alfred Wegeners Last Journey.† Scientific American Blog Network, 12 May 2013.Oreskes, Naomi, and Homer E. LeGrand.  Plate Tectonics: An Insiders History of the Modern Theory of the Earth. Westview, 2003.Wegener, Alfred.  The Origin of Continents and Oceans. Dover Publications, 1992.Yount, Lisa.  Alfred Wegener: Creator of the Continental Drift Theory. Chelsea House Publishers, 2009.

PORTFOLIO PROJECT Part 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PORTFOLIO PROJECT Part 7 - Essay Example In stakeholders’ opinion, it is the benefit given to employees in exchange of the effort they have made for the organization. One complete definition for compensation is that it is a method to deal with all kinds of rewards of employees in the work system (Bomkamp, 2013). Compensation management as a HR function is significantly valued in organizations. Managers believe that it is a function that engages employees to their work system. They consider it as a function to ensure employees’ motivation in the work place. From a strategic point of view, compensation management is a planning stage for retaining employees. It is a planning process to organize qualified workers in the work system. It is a system that integrates workers with organizational culture and values. According to the contemporary literature, compensation is of two major types - financial and non-financial compensation. Financial compensation includes direct wages and performance based salaries while non- financial compensation may include job rotation, job expansion, hierarchy promotions and other resourceful benefits such as health insurance, medical facility, house or transport facility. In organizational practice, financial compensations are designed in accordance to market trends, while non-financial compensations are flexible, as they can be changed or amended depending upon the financial position of the organization. Furthermore, the literature asserts that compensation can be for the short term and long term. For example, Google Inc. offers work time entertainment facilities to employees as short term compensation, and the other company - Scientific Games Corporation offers $9.1 million golden parachute to the chairman of the office as long term compensation (Bomkamp, 2013, p. 2). The core objective of any reward or compensation is to retain employees and for that reason it has been noted that organizations actually determine compensations using flexible methods to ensure emp loyee retention. Definitely, if compensations are successful to retain employees, the employee turnover will be lower and as a result the organizational performance will be improved. This is what any organization would like to achieve from its compensation policy that is to increase employee performance. When high levels of employee performances are achieved then the company can expect higher efficiency and performance. The Challenge According to Joe (2011), accountants are in-charge of most of the technical work in an organization system (Martocchio & Joe, 2011). They have to conduct market research, prepare financial reports and bring revenue forecast, which is all a managerial level of task and operation (Martocchio & Joe, 2011). An effective compensation for accountants is one, which can justify with the accountant’s nature of work which involves high responsibility, major skill and effort (Singh, 2007). Definitely, if an accountant gives his full effort, the knowledge an d skill to his organization so the organization should acknowledge it by returning him back in the form of effective compensation. This is the challenge which most of the firms face while designing compensation for accountants, as they miss out the elements of fairness and equity at the time of compensating accountants (Martocchio & Joe, 2011, p. 20). Proposed Procedures for Accountants’ Compensation Management Market Assessment For designing effective

Sociodrama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sociodrama - Essay Example The sharing is a time to begin to process and integrate what has taken place moments before in action. (Sternberg and Garcia, 2000). There are various techniques in sociodrama. Sculpting refers to the phase when the director physically places individuals to show how they are perceived to relate. For example, arm in arm, back to back and a stiff pose with a pointed finger. The director lets the people holding the roles begin to speak. Participants can also be taken out of the sculpt and allowed to view it. By stepping out of the sociodrama, the person has some time to reflect on it and perhaps make some changes to the sculpt. (Eckloff, 2006). Doubling is where one group member puts him/herself beside a person in a role and gives voice to that person's unspoken thoughts and feelings. The more a doubler faithfully imitates the posture and actions of the person they are doubling, the more effective it is. It can be used to show that there is something else the character could say rather than just thinking it. Voices is really another form of doubling. Voices can encompass various roles: the women's movement, church, sanctity of the family, government, woman not wanting children, and historical facts. Role reversal is another technique. With role reversal one person moves out of one role and into another. Reversal is utilized in a confrontational scene where it is helpful for one person to understand a situation if he tackles it from another perspective. Soliloquy is another technique. The director stops the action to gives a person space and time to say what is going on inside him/her. This helps the individual explore the role in a way the scene does not allow.Sociodrama has an ending. It begins with a scene, moves to broader issues, then returns with fresh insights. There is time for sharing at the end of the scene. People may share what they have learned from playing different roles. Other volunteers describe what it was like for them and the emotional release which they may have felt. Group members may share what they have learned about the group theme, topic and the thematic issue explored Sociodrama in Theatre Sociodrama can by its unique methods, give back to theatre, helping it to renew itself spontaneously and creatively. Sociodrama may not have theatrical expertise as its aim, but it can be used successfully in preparing for a variety of theatrical endeavors. There are three types of theatre experiences that are relevant to sociodrama: Theatre Arts, Theatre Arts Education, and Theatre-in-Education (TIE). Theatre arts education covers the entire spectrum of theatre aesthetics, focusing on training for actors, directors, and writers. It also involves training students to execute all other facets of theatrical production--for example, scenic design, costume design, stage management. These programs focus on stress professional training, preparing students for jobs in the theatre. This type of training is practical and specific and new programs dwell on the development of the artistic qualities in the student as an integral person. Sociodrama in Education Gordon Vallins founded the Theatre in Education in England, in the 1960s. His vision was to dramatize non-theatre curriculum programs to improve and upgrade

Saving the Manatees case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Saving the Manatees - Case Study Example Moreover, Tom had to look for sponsors to fund the advertising and campaigning costs. The national environmental protection agency donated 300,000 United States dollars to assist in creating public awareness about the bill and urge more people to vote for it (Ragsdale 137-138). A linear programming (LP) spreadsheet model would play a significant role in designing how to allocate the provided funds to different advertising agents. The spreadsheet model assists in determining the total impact of using various advertising agents, the total constraints, and the optimal solution. Description of the data The data from the spreadsheet consists of 3 columns. The first column C shows the cost per unit of the advertising medium used in U.S. dollars. The following data represents the objective variables. The objective variables work in maximizing or minimizing numerical values. The value presented on the objective cell is the expected net budget value of the project. The product of C and decisi on units I give the total cost of advertisement. The second set of data is represented by E showing per unit impact rate. This column represents the constraints. Constraints define any possible variable that a linear programming problem takes. In the data E provided, constraints represent percentage impact of using a certain medium for advertising. The next data is represented by G showing the minimum value of decisions made with the smallest advertising medium. On the other hand, column K presents data of the maximum decision a product of using large advertising mediums. Discuss the results After constructing the spreadsheet and doing calculations, the following results were arrived at. What is the optimal solution? The total impact rate was $23,515. The values for impact rate were arrived at by multiplying E with I. The total impact rate was used to calculate the optimal solution in order to decide which advertising medium would be more effective. From the model, the optimal solut ion was arrived at by the following calculation. X = 300,000/A (1+2+3+4+†¦.n) + B (1+2+3+4†¦n) =300,000/ (299,800 + 23,515) = 0.927 The following results indicate that 92.7% of the total budget would be well utilized by the advertising mediums proposed by Tom. The following turn out is very pleasing and Tom was likely to receive many votes towards the policy. Of the constraints tom placed on this problem, which are preventing the objective function from being improved further? On the other hand, Tom placed some constraints that prevented further improvement the objective function. The objective function on full-page Sunday paper and 30-second radio spot are in significant because they cost a lot and serve the same purposes as the half-page Sunday magazine and 15-second radio spot respectively. In addition, long magazine advertisements are sometimes boring and time consuming and most people by pass them. The absence of such constraints would give Tom an opportunity to incor porate other advertising mediums like online ads. The marketing consultant provided short TV ads during the evening prime-time hours as the most effective medium of advertising. Suppose Tom was willing to increase the allowable number of evening TV ads. How much would this improve the solution? Improving the number of evening TV ads would cause a positive effect on the advertisement and increase the value of $23,515 into a higher level. Increased evening TV ads increases the impact rate since a high number of

Using appropriate theories and concepts, critically evaluate the value Essay

Using appropriate theories and concepts, critically evaluate the value of the notion of reflection in your own self development - Essay Example Furthermore, it is within such environments that there is a refining of values and this is often done without ensuring reflection is made an important aspect of thinking. It is important to ensure that reflective thinking is developed and made an essential part of individuals because it is the only way through which they can challenge assumptions, and make an assessment of their intuition, and learn more about themselves. It is important to note that some of the biggest barriers for many individuals in achieving their objectives is their lack of reflection (Bowden, 2008, p.4). This is especially because I have realized that many people tend to repeat the patterns and behaviours, which contribute to their failures. However, when they adopt an attitude of reflection before undertaking what they are aiming at, they come to achieve genuine results and personal growth. I find that reflection enables individuals to discover their ability to gain what they want, making it the key to success because without it, all actions are meaningless. Through my own experiences, I have discovered that reflective thinking is a matter of problem solving, which requires an individual to see things in a new way independent of the way that they normally see these problems. It is through their looking at problems differently that individuals are able to find solutions to them in ways that they did not expect (Edwards, 2010). Taking time to reflect on a problem from a different perspective other than the habitual one, especially for a leader within an organization, is extremely important because it makes the individual to have time for constructive thinking. Through thinking outside the box, following Kolb’s reflective model, a leader is able to develop a better understanding of the problem facing the organization and take necessary action to ensure that the solution he comes up with is not only relevant, but it can be applied in a manner that does not threaten organizational

Interpreting Financial Results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Interpreting Financial Results - Essay Example This means that Apple has maintained enough liquid assets to meet its short-term obligation. However, although Apple did well by maintaining a higher current ratio in 2013 compared to 2012, its current ratio declined in 2014 to 1.08 from 1.68 in 2013, which is a sign of poor performance in 2014 compared to 2013 as far as liquidity position is concerned. However, the Apples current ratio is still within the industrial average, which is a show of good performance compared to its competitors in the industry. Apples also had a favorable quick ratio of more than one in all the last three years. However, it is notable that the after the companys quick ratio had improved from 1.30 in 2012 to 1.64 in 2013, the ratio declined to 1.05, which is an indication of poor performance in 2014 compared to the previous two years. However, the fact that Apples quick ratio is within the industrial average is an indication of good performance in overall. Leverage ratio is another ratio used to gauge the financial health of a company. Leverage ratios are used to determine the amount of debts that the company maintains in its statement of financial position. Accordingly, the more debt a company has, the riskier the company is in case the business became bankrupt and forced into liquidation. Debt-to-equity ratio is one of the leverage ratios used to measure the degree to which a company is financed by debt holders in comparison with its owners. The lower the debt-to-equity ratio, the less riskier the company to invest. From the calculations, it emerged that Apple fiancà ©s much of its operations from shareholders investments compared to debts. The companys debt-to-equity ratios for the three years are below one, which is favorable (2014 = 0.13; 2013 = 0.08; 2012 = ∞). Nevertheless, it also became clear that Apple has been increasingly financing its operations by debt since 2013, which is not a good sign (United

Battle between the Pluralist and Unitary of Reference in Australia Essay

Battle between the Pluralist and Unitary of Reference in Australia - Essay Example The most commonly discussed frames of references for analyzing the employee relations include the unitary and pluralist perspectives. These two concepts bear contrasting differences with respect to each other and help the management deal with situations and conflicts in an effective manner. This paper shall discuss the workplace relations in Australia with respect to the unitary and pluralist frames of reference. 2. Differences between Unitary and Pluralist Perspective The unitary perspective includes the concept of shared goals and unified vision among all the employees and employers. According to Agarwal (2008), the believers of this perspective are under the impression that success can be attained only if the members of the organization possess the same views and business objectives, in spite of their differing job descriptions and nature of tasks. Whereas according to Edwards (2003); some school of thoughts believe that unitary frame of reference bears minimal degree of practical ity for most situations since it holds the assumption that all employees are loyal to the organization and the management makes all decisions in accordance with the best interests of their employees. Such organizations do not promote the concept of trade unions, rather stress on the efforts involving team building and management. Trade unions are discouraged so that the probability of occurrence of conflicts is minimized. Budd and Bhave (2006) explained that any conflicts that may arise in the organization will be simply an outcome of poor management or misunderstanding, rather than conflict of interests. In the modern times, human resources management has taken over to monitor the employee relations of organizations. On the contrary, pluralist frame of reference caters the self-interests of employees that might cause competition and motivation of fulfillment of personal goals more than harmony and common interests. Individuals with common goals and interests may develop unions to s upport each other in the presence of conflicts. Edwards (2003) stated that whenever different sources of authority are present, the probability of greater conflicts is witnessed. Some of the conflicts of interests might arise due to the employees’ demand for higher salaries and employers’ demand for lower wages etc. The conflict of interests creates dissimilar visions and objectives and thus, ends up affecting the productivity and revenues of the organization. The management (of such frame of reference) is often witnessed to serve more time in coordination and motivating employees, rather than controlling and improvising. 3. Workplace Relations in Australia Australia is counted amongst the regions that had been under the affect of plurality frame of reference since the initial years of the twentieth century. This was the time when unions played a vital role in influencing the structure of the employee and industrial relations. Leigh (2005) provided an estimate to highl ight the degree of integration of unions in Australia at that time; at least 2 from 5 employees were known to be a part of some union in their organization. The gradual introduction of policies and systems by the government caused changes in the traditional structure of Australian employee relations; their intervention has resulted in the

Interpreting Financial Results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Interpreting Financial Results - Essay Example This means that Apple has maintained enough liquid assets to meet its short-term obligation. However, although Apple did well by maintaining a higher current ratio in 2013 compared to 2012, its current ratio declined in 2014 to 1.08 from 1.68 in 2013, which is a sign of poor performance in 2014 compared to 2013 as far as liquidity position is concerned. However, the Apples current ratio is still within the industrial average, which is a show of good performance compared to its competitors in the industry. Apples also had a favorable quick ratio of more than one in all the last three years. However, it is notable that the after the companys quick ratio had improved from 1.30 in 2012 to 1.64 in 2013, the ratio declined to 1.05, which is an indication of poor performance in 2014 compared to the previous two years. However, the fact that Apples quick ratio is within the industrial average is an indication of good performance in overall. Leverage ratio is another ratio used to gauge the financial health of a company. Leverage ratios are used to determine the amount of debts that the company maintains in its statement of financial position. Accordingly, the more debt a company has, the riskier the company is in case the business became bankrupt and forced into liquidation. Debt-to-equity ratio is one of the leverage ratios used to measure the degree to which a company is financed by debt holders in comparison with its owners. The lower the debt-to-equity ratio, the less riskier the company to invest. From the calculations, it emerged that Apple fiancà ©s much of its operations from shareholders investments compared to debts. The companys debt-to-equity ratios for the three years are below one, which is favorable (2014 = 0.13; 2013 = 0.08; 2012 = ∞). Nevertheless, it also became clear that Apple has been increasingly financing its operations by debt since 2013, which is not a good sign (United

It’s Only Child Abuse if it is Violent Essay Example for Free

It’s Only Child Abuse if it is Violent Essay Child abuse is defined as the physical, emotional or sexual mistreatment of a child. Child maltreatment is defined as acts of omission or commission by parent or any other caregiver which may result to harm or potential of harm as well as harm threat to any child (MedlinePlus, 2010). Most of child abuse are known to occur in the child’s home but smaller occurrences has been noticed in schools, organizations as well as community, which the child is interacting with. Child abuse is not only through violent acts but there are several ways and acts which can be said as abuse to a child. In this paper, I argue that child abuse is not only perpetrated through violent means but also through other nonviolent means. Child abuse is in different forms. It is much more than broken bones and bruises that can be noticed on a child who has been physically abused. Other forms of child abuse such emotional abuse as well as child neglect may also leave a child with long lasting and deep scars, which may not be seen but in the heart of the child (Wolfe, 1999). Some of the signs that can show a child has been abused may be subtler than the others. Smoking in front of children or inside cars which is carrying children may serve as one form of child abuse. This is because one smoking in places where children are present would mean ruining the health of the children as they are not aware of that and even they can not stop you from smoking. Cot deaths in children are linked to mothers smoking while they are pregnant (UNICEF, 2000). In America evidence has shown that many children die as a result of the effects of their parents smoking and is more than the deaths which results from accidents. Neglecting a child is known to be another form of child abuse. Neglecting child encompasses many things which may include non-compliance with the recommendation of health care, depriving a child food which may result to the child being hungry as well as failing to enable the child to thrive physically (Baskerville, 2006). Other areas of concern may include exposure of children to drugs as well as lack of protecting them from the dangers of environment. Furthermore, child abuse can as well include abandonment of child, poor hygiene, inadequate supervision and depriving a child the right of education. In addition, there are several other forms of child abuse which may include ridiculing a child, degrading a child, destruction or torture of child’s pet, destroying personal belongings of a child, criticizing a child excessively, withholding communication with a child as well as humiliating a child (UNICEF, 2000). All these form of child abuse does not mean one is using violence but the fact is that these acts can result to child abuse. This form of abuse can hurt the child internally and may make the child to live uncomfortable life through out his or her life. In conclusion, not all forms of child abuse require one to use violence so as to be considered as child violence. Emotional abuse is one of the worst practices of child abuse since its effect is long lasting and may even cause the life of a child to change completely through out his or her life. Therefore, emotional child abuse and other forms of child abuse that does not involve violence should be considered as equally affecting the life of child negatively.

South African 1948 General Election

South African 1948 General Election The 1948 election in South Africa changed the country for 40 years. It caused apartheid to take effect in South Africa. It was between the United Party and the Reunited National Party. The United Party was led by Jan Smuts at the time, and the Reunited National Party was led by D.F.Malan(Rogers 47). These parties had different views. South Africans were looking for something new, which they found in the winner of this election, The Reunited National Party. The outcome of the 1948 general election in South Africa was affected by the two major parties in the election which were the Reunited National Party and the United Party. The United Party was opposing Reunited National Party in the election. It was created in 1933 and was South Africas leading political party from 1934 to 1948. In its creation Prime Minister Barry Hertzogs National Party, an Smuts South African Party, and what was left of the Unionist Party joined together. They had support from many groups including English, Afrikaners, and colored people (Alvarez-Rivera). Hertzog led until 1939 when he opposed helping Great Britain against Germany in World War 2. Jan Smuts took over the Party afterwards. The United Party sided with the Labour Party which was formed 1910. It was democratic socialist and represented the white working class. It had seats in South African House of Assembly from 1910 to 1958. It was always a minority, so it would usually support a majority party. In which in 1948 they supported the United Party. From 1910 to 1929 it was led by Colonel F.H.P. Creswell. After World War 1 a strike led to them siding with the United Party (P rice). The National Party was formed in 1915. It was created by Afrikaner Nationalists after the Union of South Africa was created. It was created from disagreements with Hertzog. It led South Africa from 1948-1994. Its policies were Apartheid, Republic, and promoting Afrikaner culture. It was originally called the National Party and was led by Hertzog until 1934 when he took it to form the United Party. He had made it where the coloreds votes were undermined. He did this by letting women vote, which made more whites be able to vote. When Hertzog planned on leaving Daniel Francois Malan and some Afrikaner Nationalists refused to merge and formed the Purified National party. They got support by opposing South Africa in World War 2. This reunified them with Purified Nationalists to form the Reunited National Party. Another name for the Reunited National Party is Herenigde Nasionale Party. In 1948 it sided with the Afrikaner Party. It was created back in 1948. It was a minority in joining with the Herenigde National Party ( Rogers 48-56, 94-102). In voting in 1948 the National Party removed colored voters from voting similar to black voters. In 1936 Representation of Natives Act was passed by Hertzog. This removed black voters from common voters rolls and were put on native voters rolls. Blacks couldnt vote in normal elections for Cape Provincial Council or House of Assembly. Now they voted separately for 2 members of the Cape Provincial Council and 3 members of House of Assembly. Four Senators would be elected by local councils, chiefs, or tribal councils for the native areas (Price). White men and women over 21 were able to vote in these elections also. The House of Assembly was what voters were voting for it was the lower part of parliament. The members were elected by first past the post voting which is where the election is won by the person with more votes than the other(s). It is used a lot but not everywhere. It used in mostly democratic governments with districts being single membered, and between 2 parties (Rogers 124-126). The House of Assembly was made up mostly of white men, but a woman was able to be in it also, and was made up of 153 seats at time of 1948 election. In the results of the election the Reunited National Party won 70 seats. The United Party won 65 seats. The Reunited National Partys alignment partner, Afrikaner party, won 9 votes to bring them and the Reunited National party to 79 seats. The United Partys alignment partner, Labour Party, won 6 seats to bring up a total 74 votes. There were also 3 independent votes which made it equal up to 153 seats. Even though the Reunited National Party won more seats than the United Party, the United Party had more votes. The United Party received 524, 230 votes in the election while the Reunited National Party received only 401, 834 votes, but still won more seats in the House of Assembly (Alvarez-Rivera). One of the issues in the country at the time was race. There are many reasons the Reunited National Party won the election. They realizes a lot of whites were feeling threatened by black people wanting to be part of government so they said that they would put strict racial segregation everywhere in the country and everywhere in peoples lives if they won. They would encourage blacks to stay in country areas and not move to cities. The United Party liked unclear movements of integrating South Africas different ethnicity groups. They thought that integration would happen anyways and so they should stop policies trying to stop blacks moving to city areas. They wanted to eventually let blacks take place in government. Other problems for the United Party were whites being unhappy with the economy and domestic things after World War 2. The Reunited National party used gerrymandering and organization as an advantage to win the election (Price). Another reason was the different sectors of the country. The farmers used inexpensive labor from blacks to raise profit. Also the white workers from urban areas were scared of blacks moving to cities and competing with their jobs. The United Party never realized the mood of these people. The Reunited National Party picked up these moods and easily made them join them and create more support. They put more fear into people by saying if United Party won then eventually Blacks would be part of government. The Reunited National Party used United Partys leader Smuts good relationship with Stalin to show how he favored communism (Rogers 178-181). The United Partys immigration program allowed British people to move to South Africa and were thought to take white South Africans homes and jobs. The 70 seats won by the Reunited National Party were mostly from country areas, and the 65 wins by the United Party were mostly from city areas. At this time there were more rural constituencies, electoral district, than urban ones which gave them more seats but less votes. Smuts and the United Party were blamed for the hard times of World War 2. They blamed them for rationing petroleum and wheat. Even after the war they still sent supplies to Great Britain and the Netherlands. This caused a local shortage for bread and meat. They also loaned 4 million ounces of gold to Great Britain (Alvarez-Rivera). At the time the Reunited National Party seemed energetic and prepared unlike the United Party who appeared lackadaisical. This causes people to be inspired and want change for better for a country going through a rough time as South Africa was during at this time after Word War 2. This caused a great deal of emotion and the result of the Reunited National Party reaching people scared of integration and losing jobs and homes. Instead they called for apartheid which separated the country from 1948 until 1994. This held the country back from it s full potential of being a leader of the world. The two parties in this election showed different attitudes and opinions, and this caused the Reunited National Party to beat the United Party in the South African 1948 general election.